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European Urology

Volume 58, issue 2, pages e19-e28, August 2010

Prostate Cancer

Age-Specific Risk of Incident Prostate Cancer and Risk of Death from Prostate Cancer Defined by the Number of Affected Family Members eulogo1

Andreas Brandt, Justo Lorenzo Bermejo, Jan Sundquist and Kari Hemminki

Accepted 3 February 2010, Published online 13 February 2010, pages 275 - 280

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Table 1 Age-specific hazard ratios of diagnosis with prostate cancer according to number and type of affected first-degree relatives

Affected relatives 0–54 yr 55–64 yr 65–74 yr Any age
n HRa 95% CI n HRa 95% CI n HRa 95% CI n HRa 95% CI
None 1639 10 969 8420 21 028
Father only 438 2.93 2.64–3.25 2075 2.22 2.12–2.33 1123 1.78 1.68–1.90 3636 2.12 2.05–2.20
Brother only 96 4.41 3.59–5.42 753 3.15 2.92–3.39 528 2.56 2.34–2.79 1377 2.96 2.80–3.13
Father and one brother 47 11.32 8.47–15.13 250 6.48 5.72–7.35 105 3.46 2.85–4.19 402 5.51 5.00–6.09
Two brothers 5 5.90 2.45–14.20 83 8.93 7.19–11.08 56 6.49 4.99–8.43 144 7.71 6.54–9.08
Father and two brothers 2 8.06b 2.02–32.27 26 11.03 7.51–16.21 8 4.91 2.46–9.83 36 8.51 6.13–11.80
Three brothers 2 23.26 5.81–93.11 20 23.77 15.33–36.86 6 9.03 4.06–20.12 28 17.74 12.26–25.67

CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.

a p values are <0.0001 unless otherwise stated.

b p = 0.003.

References in context

  • Table 1 shows the age-specific HRs of diagnosis with PCa according to number and type of affected first-degree relatives.
    Go to context

Table 2 Age-specific hazard ratios of diagnosis with prostate cancer according to paternal and fraternal diagnostic age

0–54 yr 55–64 yr 65–74 yr Any age
n HRa 95% CI n HRa 95% CI n HRa 95% CI n HRa 95% CI
Father affected
 0–59 yr 27 6.14 4.21–8.98 69 3.13 2.47–3.97 32 3.06 2.16–4.33 128 3.45 2.90–4.10
 60–64 yr 34 3.41 2.43–4.79 148 2.77 2.36–3.26 59 1.86 1.44–2.40 241 2.52 2.22–2.87
 65–74 yr 216 3.83 3.33–4.42 740 2.42 2.25–2.61 386 2.08 1.88–2.30 1342 2.44 2.31–2.58
 75–82 yr 128 2.25 1.88–2.69 780 2.15 2.00–2.31 420 1.66 1.50–1.83 1328 1.97 1.87–2.08
 ≥83 33 1.52b 1.07–2.14 338 1.79 1.61–2.00 226 1.52 1.34–1.74 597 1.67 1.54–1.81

Brother affected
 0–59 yr 48 6.62 4.97–8.83 229 4.16 3.65–4.74 102 3.02 2.49–3.67 379 3.94 3.56–4.36
 60–64 yr 29 3.72 2.57–5.37 277 3.28 2.91–3.69 177 2.57 2.22–2.98 483 3.01 2.75–3.29
 65–74 yr 19 2.76 1.75–4.43 247 2.47 2.18–2.80 249 2.40 2.12–2.72 515 2.46 2.25–2.69

CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.

a p values are <0.0001 unless otherwise stated.

b p = 0.02.

References in context

  • Table 2 shows the age-specific HRs according to paternal and fraternal diagnosis age.
    Go to context

Table 3 Hazard ratio of diagnosis with prostate cancer for men with multiple affected first-degree relatives according to the age of diagnosis of youngest affected relative

Affected relatives Age of diagnosis of relative diagnosed at youngest age, yr n HRa 95% CI
Father and brother 0–59 160 7.63 6.53–8.92
60–64 138 5.16 4.36–6.10
65–74 104 4.12 3.40–5.00
Two brothers 0–59 67 8.79 6.92–11.18
60–64 54 6.60 5.06–8.63
65–74 23 7.90 5.25–11.90
Father and two brothers 0–59 21 10.86 7.08–16.66
60–64 13 7.79 4.52–13.42
65–74 2 3.16b 0.79–12.64
Three brothers 0–59 23 24.35 16.18–36.64
60–64 4 6.89 2.59–18.37
65–74 1 – –

CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.

a p values are <0.0001 unless otherwise stated.

b p = 0.1.

References in context

  • Table 3 lists the HRs for PCa for men with multiple affected first-degree relatives according to the age of diagnosis of the affected relative diagnosed at the youngest age.
    Go to context

Table 4 Hazard ratio of death from prostate cancer for men with first-degree relatives diagnosed with prostate cancer considering the number and type of affected relatives

Family history n HRa 95% CI
No affected relatives 2113 – –
Father affected 306 1.81 1.61–2.04
One brother affected 139 2.75 2.32–3.26
Father and one brother affected 24 2.96 1.98–4.43
Two brothers affected 15 6.29 3.79–10.46
Father and two brothers affected 5 9.74 4.05–23.43
Three brothers affected 2 8.12b 2.03–32.50

CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.

a p values are <0.0001 unless otherwise stated.

b p = 0.003.

References in context

  • Table 4 lists the HRs of death from PCa considering the number and type of affected first-degree relatives.
    Go to context

Table 5 Hazard ratio of death from prostate cancer for men with an affected first-degree relative diagnosed with prostate cancer considering the relative's diagnosis age

Relative's diagnosis age, yr Paternal history Fraternal history
n HRa 95% CI n HRa 95% CI
0–59 7 2.06b 0.98–4.32 32 3.27 2.31–4.64
60–64 23 2.55 1.69–3.85 44 2.55 1.89–3.44
65–74 105 1.97 1.62–2.40 63 2.67 2.08–3.43
75–82 112 1.67 1.38–2.10 – – –
≥83 59 1.63c 1.26–2.12 – – –

CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.

a p values are <0.0001 unless otherwise stated.

b p = 0.06.

c p = 0.0002.

References in context

  • Table 5 lists the HRs of death from PCa for men with a paternal or fraternal history according to the relative's diagnosis age.
    Go to context

Table 6 Hazard ratio of death from prostate cancer in relatives of men who died from prostate cancer

Relatives died from prostate cancer n HRa 95% CI
Father 202 2.08 1.80–2.41
Brother 15 2.30b 1.38–3.81
Father and brother 4 6.86 2.57–18.28

CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.

a p values are <0.0001 unless otherwise stated.

b p = 0.002.

References in context

  • Table 6 lists the HRs of death from PCa for men with a father or brother who died from PCa.
    Go to context

Table 7 Distribution of T classes for prostate cancers diagnosed after 2002 according to family history*

T Affected relatives
None Father Brother Father and one brother Two brothers Father and two brothers Three brothers
n % n % n % n % n % n % n %
T0 194 1.5 38 1.7 12 1.4 4 1.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
T1 1795 13.6 319 13.9 115 14.0 39 16.5 9 11.0 1 5.3 1 7.7
T1a 264 2.0 45 2.0 15 1.8 0 0 1 1.2 0 0 0 0
T1b 105 0.8 15 0.7 6 0.7 2 0.8 1 1.2 0 0 0 0
T1c 4736 35.8 873 38.2 324 38.0 88 37.1 28 33.0 6 31.6 7 54.0
T2 3779 28.6 624 27.3 232 27.0 70 29.5 28 33.0 10 52.6 1 7.7
T3 1780 13.4 276 12.1 105 12.0 24 10.1 14 17.0 2 10.5 3 23.0
T4 270 2.0 47 2.1 16 1.9 2 0.8 2 2.4 0 0 1 7.7
Tx 313 2.4 51 2.2 23 2.7 8 3.4 1 1.2 0 0 0 0
13 236 – 2288 – 848 – 237 – 84 – 19 – 13 –

T0 = no evidence of tumour; T1 = tumour present but not detectable clinically or with imaging; T1a = tumour was incidentally found in <5% of prostate tissue resected; T1b = tumour was incidentally found in >5% of prostate tissue resected; T1c = tumour was found in a needle biopsy performed due to an elevated serum prostate-specific antigen; T2 = the tumour can be felt but has not spread outside the prostate; T3 = the tumour has spread through the prostatic capsule; T4 = the tumour has invaded other nearby structures; Tx = primary tumour cannot be assessed.

* χ2 test for independence of T1c (yes/no) and type of family history: χ2 = 6.81; p = 0.33.

References in context

  • Table 7 shows the distribution of T classes for PCa diagnosed after 2002 according to family history.
    Go to context

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