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European Urology
Volume 59, issue 2, pages 183-316, February 2011Prostate Cancer
Olfactory Detection of Prostate Cancer by Dogs Sniffing Urine: A Step Forward in Early Diagnosis
Accepted 6 October 2010, Published online 15 October 2010, pages 197 - 201
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Abstract
Background
Volatiles organic compounds (VOCs) in urine have been proposed as cancer biomarkers.
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of prostate cancer (PCa) detection by trained dogs on human urine samples.
Design, setting, and participants
A Belgian Malinois shepherd was trained by the clicker training method (operant conditioning) to scent and recognize urine of people having PCa. All urine samples were frozen for preservation and heated to the same temperature for all tests. After a learning phase and a training period of 24 mo, the dog's ability to discriminate PCa and control urine was tested in a double-blind procedure. Urine was obtained from 66 patients referred to a urologist for elevated prostate-specific antigen or abnormal digital rectal examination. All patients underwent prostate biopsy and two groups were considered: 33 patients with cancer and 33 controls presenting negative biopsies.
Measurements
During each “run,” the dog was asked to signal a cancer urine among six samples containing only one cancer urine and five randomly selected controls. Sensitivity and specificity of the test were assessed.
Results and limitations
The dog completed all the runs and correctly designated the cancer samples in 30 of 33 cases. Of the three cases wrongly classified as cancer, one patient was rebiopsied and a PCa was diagnosed. The sensitivity and specificity were both 91%.
Conclusions
This study shows that dogs can be trained to detect PCa by smelling urine with a significant success rate. It suggests that PCa gives an odor signature to urine. Identification of the VOCs involved could lead to a potentially useful screening tool for PCa.
Keywords: Prostate cancer, Volatile organic compounds, Screening, Dogs, Olfactory detection.
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Comments
In spite of paramount discoveries, including volatile biomarkers, Cancer is today's growing epidemics. Something is profoundly wrong in present war against cancer, based on expensive screening. The time has come to change aur politics against malignancy. Here is my answer, as far as prostate cancer is concerned. Admittedly androgens play a role in the development of both androgenic alopecia, commonly known as male pattern baldness, and prostate cancer, but exclusively in presence of Oncological Terrain-Dependent Inherited Real Risk of prostate Cancer, unfortunately nowadays largely overlooked. As a consequence, in all researches on such argument, there is a fundmental bias (1). In fact, microcirculatory bed in prostate gland at Oncological Terrain- Dependent, Inherited Real Risk of cancer is characteristically altered since birth in the sense of the typical microcirculatory remodelling, bedside recognized with a stetoscope since birth, wherein new born-pathological, type I, sub-type a) oncological, Endoarteriolar Blocking Devices, according to Hammersen, play a central role (2-9). As a matter of fact, the Authors state notoriously that immunohistochemical evidence of bcl-2, p53, or high microvessel density in prostate cancer biopsy specimens at diagnosis is associated with an increased long-term risk for death from prostate cancer. From quantum- biophysical semeiotics point of view, I corroborate such as conclusion, since the severity of prostate microcirculatory dissociated, type III activation parallels the seriousness of underlying disorder (2-7). Unfortunately, in every article of the majority of most famous peer- reviews it is clear that Authors, Editors, and Reviewers show unfortunately identical fundamental bias, i.e., they are convinced that all individuals can be suffer from cancer! In other words, the above- mentioned people ignore the existence of Oncological Terrain (OT) and OT- dependent Inherited Real Risk localized in one biological system, or more rear in a lot of tissues . In my view, based on 55 year-long clinical experience, doctors around the world have to know new and more efficacious tools for malignancies primary prevention as well as bedside therapeutic monitoring, easy to perform and reliable, thus applicable on very large scale in selected individuals, and useful in ascertain, e.g., prostate cancer "inherited real risk" in well defined prostate lobe, as well as prostate cancer initial stage in individuals involved always by oncological terrain, of course (2-9). In fact, nowadays a new bed-side preventive medicine can be applied by all general practitioners worldwide in an efficient and practical manner (2, 3, 6-9) (See my site www.semeioticabiofisica.it,). As a matter of fact, today's physicians, who knows the advancements of physical semeiotics, can bedside recognize since birth with a stethoscope individuals at "real" risk of malignancies, both solid and liquid, including their precise location (2-4). In addition, the exact evaluation of the local microcirculation allows doctor to assess the severity of the lesion (4, 7) (www.semeioticabiofisica.it/microangiology). In following, I describe briefly an original physical sign, reliable in bedside diagnosing "inherited real risk" of prostate cancer, and thus useful in its primary prevention, as well as in bed-side early detecting Prostate Cancer, i.e. since very early stage, including Cancer "in situ": Massucco's sign * (2). In health, lying down on supine position and psycho-physically relaxed with open eyes to hindering (better said, to lower...) melatonin secretion, skin lasting pinch at the level of XI-XII thoracic dermatomeres at right or left side (practically, groin regions: prostate trigger- points) brings about gastric aspecific reflex (in the stomach both fundus and body dilate, while antral-pyloric region contracts = tissue acidosis; see above-cited website, Technical Pages, n? 1), after a normal latency time of exact 8 sec. The reflex lasts less than 4 sec., paramount parameter value, rom diagnostic view-point) correlated with Microvascular Functional Reserve, and then disappears for > 3 < 4 sec.: fractal Dimension of microvascular bed deterministich chaotic fluctuations. All parameters values are interesting from diagnostic point of view, but especially latency time: Massucco's sign NEGATIVE. On the contrary, in case of Prostate Cancer, even in initial stage, such as parameter value is < 8 sec. (latency time is jet 8 sec. in Inherited Real Risk!), reflex duration 4 sec. or more and finally the entire stomach contracts, Gastric tonic Contraction, "pathological" parameter, typical of cancer. All parameters values, indicating local prostatic micorcirculatory abnormalities (5-8), are in relation to the severity of underlying malignancy. For instance, latency time becomes shorter than the normal 8 sec. in inverse relation to the extension of tumour. Very useful and reliable (I perform it during normal physical examination, i.e., in every case, routinely) is the biophysical semeiotic "preconditioning" of prostate: after 5 sec. exactly of interval after the basal performance, doctor applies this method a second time (interval must be 5 sec. precisely, due to prostate microcirculatory functional reserve (MFR) activation): in health, where there isn't Gastric tonic Contraction, all parameters value ameliorate significantly: e.g., latency time results 16 sec. i.e., doubled value. On the contrary, in prostate cancer, since first stages (e.g., "in situ" cancer)as well as in "inherited real risk" of cancer, they worsen clearly or persist identical in latest case: Massucco's Sign positive (2-9) . Massucco's sign, easy to perform and reliable, really useful in prostate cancer clinical primary prevention and screening, must be included, in my view, in the common physical examination, in order to early recognizing prostate cancer, also by means of a large variety of other cancer signs. In doing that, however, farsighted and clever Editors, Reviewers and physicians are unavoidable! References. 1) John Concato, Dhanpat Jain, Edward Uchio, Harvey Risch, William W. Li, and Carolyn K. Wells. Molecular Markers and Death From Prostate Cancer. Ann Int Med, 5 May 2009, Volume 150, Issue 9, Pages 595-603 2) Stagnaro-Neri M., Stagnaro S. Introduzione alla Semeiotica Biofisica. Il Terreno Oncologico. Travel Factory, Roma, 2004. http://www.travelfactory.it/semeiotica_biofisica.htm 3) Stagnaro Sergio. Bed-Side Prostate Cancer Detecting, even in early stages ("Real Risk" of Cancer): BMC Family Practice,2005, 6:24 doi:10.1186/1471-2296-6-24 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471- 2296/6/24/comments#202466 4) Stagnaro Sergio, Stagnaro-Neri Marina. Introduzione alla Semeiotica Biofisica. Il Terreno oncologico". Travel Factory SRL., Roma, 2004. 5) Stagnaro S., Stagnaro-Neri M., Le Costituzioni Semeiotico- Biofisiche.Strumento clinico fondamentale per la prevenzione primaria e la definizione della Single Patient Based Medicine. Ediz. Travel Factory, Roma, 2004. 6) Stagnaro Sergio. Bedside diagnosing prostate cancer inherited oncological real risk and its therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine. (7 February 2008). http://www.annals.org/content/148/6/435.abstract/reply#annintmed_el_63909 7) Stagnaro-Neri M., Stagnaro S., Microangiologia clinica della ipertrofia prostatica benigna. Ruolo patogenetico delle modificazioni del sistema microlovascolotessutale valutate con la Semeiotica Biofisica. Acta Cardiol. Medit. 14, 21, 1986 8) Stagnaro Sergio. Reale Rischio Semeiotico Biofisico. I Dispositivi Endoarteriolari di Blocco neoformati, patologici, tipo I, sottotipo a) oncologico, e b) aspecifico. Ediz. Travel Factory, www.travelfactory.it, Roma, Luglio 2009. 9) Caramel S., Stagnaro S. The role of mitochondria and mit-DNA in Oncogenesis. Quantum Biosystems 2010, 2, 221-248, http://www.quantumbiosystems.org/admin/files/QBS%202(1)%20250-281.pdf 10) Stagnaro Sergio. Bed-Side Prostate Cancer Detecting, even in early stages ("Real Risk" of Cancer): BMC Family Practice, 6:24 doi:10.1186/1471-2296-6-24 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471- 2296/6/24/comments#202466 11) Sergio Stagnaro. Linee Guida Semeiotico-Biofisiche nella Gestione del Paziente con Adenoma Prostatico. www.piazzettamedici.it/ , 2008. http://xoomer.virgilio.it/piazzetta/professione/professione.htm 12) Sergio Stagnaro. Ingrossamento della Prostata: Adenoma o Cancro? Ruolo diagnostico dei Dispositivi Endoarteriolari di Blocco. http://www.piazzettamedici.it/ ; http://xoomer.virgilio.it/piazzetta/professione/prostata.htm 13) Sergio Stagnaro. Massucco's Sign in the war against to Prostate Cancer. Letter to FDA; www.melatonina.it ; 2 May, 2010, http://www.melatonina.it/articoli/247-2010-05-02.html 14) Sergio Stagnaro. Bedside diagnosing prostate cancer inherited oncological real risk and its therapy. www.fce.it, 18 giugno 2010. http://www.fceonline.it/images/docs/prostate%20cancer.pdf 15) Sergio Stagnaro. To USA Food and Drugs Administration about Prostate Cancer. Open Letter. 2 Maggio 2010, http://www.keymelatonin.com/news/247-2010-05-02.html
2011-04-22 14:04:43 | Sergio Stagnaro
A very nice study illuminating a very interesting phenomenon. Yet, scientifically speaking , this means that there is a certain substance in the urine of prostate cancer patients that remains to be identified, and a chemical test should be devised to detect it instead of dog sniffing.
2011-02-09 01:35:04 | Dr. Emad Samy